THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

    Sebagaian besar kata sifat diskriptif (descriptive adjectives) dan kata sifat kuantitatif (quantitative adjective) memiliki tingkat-tingkat perbandingan yang menerangkan kata benda.
Dalam bahasa Inggris tingkat-tingkat perbandingan pada kata sifat disebut the degrees of comparison (tingkat perbandingan)

The degrees of comparison (tingkat perbandingan) berjumlah tiga tingkat, yaitu : 

1. The positive degree (tingkat biasa)

2. The comparative (tingkat lebih/perbandingan)

3. The superlative (tingkat paling)

      Bentuk perbandingan dibuat dari bentuk positive yang ditambah dengan akhiran –er atau –r dan awalan more. Sedangkan bentuk superlative dibentuk dari bentuk positive yang ditambah dengan akhiran –est atau –st dan awalan most.

 

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Good	Better	Best
Beautiful	More Beautiful	Most Beautiful
Big	Bigger	Biggest
Tall	Taller	Tallest
Sincere	More Sincere	Most Sincere
Small	Smaller	Smallest

 

1. The positive degree (tingkat biasa)

• She is an attractive girl

When we speak about only one person or thing,We use the Positive degree.

example :

• This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.

• He is a tall student.
• He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.

2. The comparative (tingkat lebih/perbandingan)

    Pada umumnya bentuk tingkat lebih ini digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda atau orang yang berbeda. Atau dengan kata lain digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa susuatu benda atau orang itu mempunyai sifat lebih dibandingkan yang lain.

 • My car is faster than his car

When we compare two persons or two things with each other,We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.

example:

A. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
     This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
     The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.
     Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

B. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative)
     This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
     The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.
     Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

C  He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)
     He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
     The term “more intelligent” is comparative version of the term “intelligent”.
     Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

3. The superlative (tingkat paling)

     Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu itu mempunyai sifat paling ...... dibandingkan yang lainnya. Pada umumnya digunakan untuk membandingkan tiga benda atau lebih. 

• This is the fastest car in the rally.
• Elvis Presley is the greatest musician in the world

 When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,We use all the three Positive,    Comparative and Superlative degrees.

example :
A. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)
     This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
     No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
     The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”.
    All the three sentences mean the same meaning.


B. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative)
     This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
     No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
     The term “most beautiful” is the superlative version of the term “beautiful”.
     All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
C. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
     He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
     No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
     The term “most intelligent” is superlative version of the term “intelligent”.
     Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

D. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)
     He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
     No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
     The term “tallest” is superlative version of the term “tall”.
     Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

Source : http://elsaapriyanti.blogspot.com/2010/05/degrees-of-comparison.html

Conditional Sentences

Conditional (Kalimat Pengandaian) menjelaskan bahwa sebuah kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain. Conditional yang paling umum adalah Real Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal, kadang-kadang disebut juga if-clauses.

Real Conditional (sering juga disebut juga dengan Conditional Tipe I) yang menggambarkan tentang mengandai-andai sesuai dengan fakta.

Unreal Conditional (sering juga disebut sebagai Conditional Tipe II) yang menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang tidak nyata atau berimajinasi.

Ada juga Conditional yang ke-3 yang sering disebut dengan Conditional Tipe III, digunakan sebagai penyesalan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan zero conditional, digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang sudah pasti benar.

Catatan: Jika  klausa "if" diletakkan di awal kalimat, kita harus menggunakan �koma�. Sebaliknya jika klausa "if" berada di belakang, maka tidak perlu ada koma

Zero Conditional

Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kebenaran umum. Tense yang digunakan biasanya Present Simple Tense

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
If you heat water to 100�C,	it boils.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
Water boils	if you heat it to 100�C,

Contoh:

• If you drop an apple, it falls. = An apple falls, if you drop it.
• If you don't do your homework, I will be disappointed. = I will be disappointed, if you don't do your homework.

Catatan: Pada tipe ini, �if� sering digantikan dengan "when"

Conditional I

Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan pengandaian yang dibuat berdasarkan fakta di masa sekarang atau masa yang akan datang dan pengandaian ini bisa saja terjadi. Klausa �if� biasanya dalam bentuk Present Simple Tense.

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
If I see you tomorrow,	I will buy you a drink.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
I will buy you a drink	if I see you tomorrow.

Kita sering menggunakan unless yang artinya 'jika... tidak�.

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
Unless you hand in your homework,	I won't mark it.
Artinya
If you don't hand in your homework,	I won't mark it.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
I won't mark your homework	unless you hand it in.
Artinya
I won't mark your homework	if you don't hand it in.

Catatan: Kita tidak pernah menggunakan will, atau won't dalam Klausa IF.

Contoh:

• If I have time today, I will phone my friend. = I will phone my friend, if I have time today.
• If I go to England, I will buy some Cheddar cheese. = I will buy some Cheddar cheese, if I go to England.

Conditional Tipe II

Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan situasi yang tidak nyata di masa sekarang atau masa yang akan datang. Tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah harapan. Tenses yang digunakan dalam klausa IF adalah Past Simple Tense.

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
If I won the lottery,	I would buy a new house.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
I would buy a new house	if I won the lottery.

Catatan: Jangan gunakan would atau wouldn't dalam Klausa IF.

Contoh:

�         If I were you, I wouldn't do that. = I wouldn't do that, if I were you.

�         If I had more time, I would do more on my websites. = I would do more on my websites, if I had more time.

Conditional Tipe III

Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah kondisi di masa yang lampau yang tidak mungkin akan terjadi lagi. Sering digunakan untuk mengkritik atau penyesalan. Tenses yang digunakan dalam Klausa IF adalah Past Perfect Tense.

Rumus

(Klausa IF)	(Induk Kalimat)
If I had worked harder,	I would have passed my exam.
If I had worked harder,	I could have passed my exam.
If I had worked harder,	I should have passed my exam.

Atau

(Induk Kalimat)	(Klausa IF)
I would have passed my exam	if I had worked harder.
I could have passed my exam	if I had worked harder.
I should have passed my exam	if I had worked harder.

Catatan: Jangan gunakan would have atau wouldn't have, dll dalam Klausa IF.

Contoh:

• If I hadn't helped you, you would have failed. = You would have failed, if I hadn't helped you.
• If it had been sunny, we could have gone out. = We could have gone out, if it had been.   

Source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-140-conditional-sentences.html
 

Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

• Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
• Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
• Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
• Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku

Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.

Contoh:

• Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955

Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)

Contoh:

• Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif

• Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
• Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

To be yang digunakan

1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
2. Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif

1. Jack sings a song (active)
2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive)

1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)

1. Jack has sung a song (active)
2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack will sing a song (active)
2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack is singing a song (active)
2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack can sing a song (active)
2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

• Help the poor (active)
• Let the poor be helped (passive)

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time

Rumus:

It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III

• It is time to send the letter (active)
• It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

• Don�t wait for me (active)
• You are advised not to wait for me (passive)

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception

Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III

(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)

• This food tastes delicious (active)
• This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.

• We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
• It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements

• I consider her very pretty (active)
• She is considered very pretty (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objects

• He gave me a book (active)
• A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
• I was given a book by him (passive 2)

8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs

• The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
• The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence

Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.

• We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
• I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need

• This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
• This wall needs painting.

Source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-174-passive-voice.html

Noun Clause

Noun Clause adalah Clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun atau berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Selain Noun Clause ini, sebenarnya masih ada clause lainnya seperti Adverb Clause dan Adjective Clause. Untuk mendalami penjelasan mengenai Noun Clause, silahkan perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:

1. Statement (pernyataan)
2. Question (pertanyaan)
3. Request (permintaan)
4. Exclamation (seruan).

Penjelasan:

1. Statement

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat

• Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
• That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)

2) Subjek Kalimat setelah "It"

• It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia

3) Objek Pelengkap

• My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia

4) Objek Kata Kerja

• All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia

5) Apositif

• My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.

2.      Question

A. Yes/No Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "whether (or not/or if)"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat

• Can she drive the car? (Question)
• Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  = Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  = Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  = Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)

2) Objek Pelengkap

• My question is whether she can drive the car.

3) Objek Kata Kerja

• I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).

4) Objek Kata Depan

• We discussed about whether she can drive the car.

B. Wh- Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat

• What is he doing? (Question)
• What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)

2) Objek Pelengkap

• My question is what she is doing.

3) Objek Kata Kerja

• I really wonder what she is doing.

4) Objek Kata Depan

• We discussed about what she is doing.

Catatan:

Posisi kembali normal, tidak seperti posisi sebuah pertanyaan normal.

3. Request

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja

• Read the book! (Request)
• He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)

Catatan:

Tanda seru hilang.

4. Exclamation

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja

• What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
• I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)

2) Objek Kata Depan

• We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.

Catatan Tambahan:

• Noun Clause dengan "that" digunakan sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat hanya dengan kata kerja tertentu. Dan kata kerja (verb) yang penting adalah linking verb, khususnya BE.
• Noun Clause dengan "that" sering menjadi objek dari verb (kata kerja), beberapa verb berikut ini biasanya mempunyai subjek yang me�nunjukkan manusia. Kata-kata tersebut terutama sekali adalah verb yang digunakan dalam Indirect Speech Berta verb yang menyatakan kegiatan mental.

Kata Kerja Kalimat Tak Langsung

Admit, agree, allege, announce, argue, assert, assure, declare, aver, boast, claim, complain, confess, convince, deny, disagree, explain, foretell, hint, inform, insist, maintain, notify, persuade, pray, predict, proclaim, promise, relate, remark, remind, report, say, state, swear, teach, tell, threaten, warn

Kata Kerja Aktivitas Mental

Ascertain, assume, believe, calculate, care (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), conceive, conclude, consider, convince, decide, discover, doubt, dream, expect, fancy, feel, find out, forget, grant, guess, hear, hold (pendapat), hope, imagine, indicate, know, judge, learn, mean, mind (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), notice, perceive, presume, pretend, prove, question, realize, recall, reckon, recollect, reflect, regret, rejoice, remember, reveal, see, show, suppose, surmise, think, trust, understand, wish

Contoh:

1. Alex thinks that Mary is ill.
2. Bob told me that he had finished breakfast.
3. Henry says that Jack is very busy.
4. He insists that there is a mistake.
5. He complained to his friend that his wife couldn't cook.

• Dalam percakapan yang tidak resmi (informal) "that" sering dihilangkan dari objek Clause jika artinya (maksudnya) sudah jelas dapat dimengerti tanpa adanya "that".

Contoh:

1. I am sorry (that) I couldn't meet you at the station.
2. He says (that) they plan to come to the dance.
3. We thought (that) you had already left for abroad.
4. The reason we returned so early is, (that) one of the children got sick.

• Noun Clause dari question (pertanyaan) yang terletak sesudah verb yang memerlukan 2 objek mungkin berfungsi sebagai salah satu atau kedua objek dari verb tersebut.

Contoh:   

1. Give the man (Indirect Object) what is in this envelope (Direct Object)
2. Give what is in the envelope  to the man.

• Noun Clause dari pertanyaan mungkin diawali dengan kata-kata tanya yang berfungsi sebagai: Pronouns, Adjectives, atau Adverbs. Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah: Pronoun     = who (ever), what (ever(, which. (ever), Adjective = whose, what (ever), which (ever), Adverb = how (ever), when (ever), where (ever), why.

Contoh:

1. We don't know who will be coming from the employment agency. (who adalah subjek dari will be coming)
2. We don't know whom the employment agency will send. (whom adalah objek dari will send)
3. We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency. (whoever adalah subjek dari comes)
4. We will ask whomever the employment agency sends. (whomever adalah objek dari sends)

• Dalam Noun Clause dari pertanyaan, subjek dan verb mempunyai susunan yang umum, yakni terletak sesudah introductory word.
• Noun Clause dari permintaan dimulai dengan that- Clause ini paling sering merupakan objek dari verb yang menyatakan permintaan, saran, atau keinginan dan sebagainya.

Contoh:

1. He is requesting that a company car be placed at his disposal.
2. The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.
3. It was suggested that she leave immediately.
4. It was proposed that the meeting be adjourned.

• Kadang-kadang "that" yang merupakan kata permulaan Clause dapat digantikan dengan susunan infinitive setelah kata-kata kerja yang menunjukkan permintaan seperti advise, ask, beg, command, desire, forbid, order, request, require, argue.
• Subjek dari that-Clause sering dalam bentuk passive dari verbs of requesting dengan susunan anticipatory it.

Source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-170-noun-clause.html

Gerund

Gerunds

Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnya swimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.

Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)


Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good service.- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.- My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.

Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat dibawahnya.

Source : http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/gerunds.html

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Pola atau formula untuk Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut:

Subject + would + have + been + ( verb1+ing) + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. Farmers in Jati Bali would have been growing rice crops for 40 years by the end of last month. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali akan telah bercocok tanam padi selama 40 tahun sebelum akhir bulan lalu).
2. Some students would have been conducting research on vegetative plant propagations for one year when the semester started last month. (Beberapa siswa akan telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif selama 1 tahun ketika semester dimulai bulan lalu).
3. Transpiration would have been starting to increase for more than an hour when we measured it at 9 a.m. yesterday. (Transpirasi akan telah mulai meningkat selama lebih dari 1 jam ketika kita mengukurnya jam 9 pagi kemarin).

Penggunaan Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Penggunaan past future perfect continuous tense sama dengan penggunaan past future perfect tense kategori yang ketiga, yaitu untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas akan terus terjadi/dilakukan sampai batas waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Perhatikan contoh pada past future perfect tense kategori ketiga berikut:

1. I thought I would have been at school only for 6 hours yesterday. In fact, I had to wait for another hour because my dad’s car broke down on the way to the school.
2. I was completely sure that on August 17, I would have lived in this house for 10 years sharp.
3. I expected that I would have slept for 8 hours last night but I was awoken by my neighbor’s long big fight at 1 a.m. It was very loud and I couldn’t fall asleep till morning.
4. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he would have worked for this company for forty-five years.
5. She never expected that she would have waited for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night.

Dalam past future perfect continuous tense, kelima kalimat ini menjadi:

1. I thought I would have been being at school only for 6 hours yesterday. In fact, I had to wait for another hour because my dad’s car broke down on the way to the school.
2. I was completely sure that on August 17, I would have been living in this house for 10 years sharp.
3. I expected that I would have been sleeping for 8 hours last night but I was awoken by my neighbor’s long big fight at 1 a.m. It was very loud and I couldn’t fall asleep till morning.
4. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he would have been working for this company for forty-five years.
5. She never expected that she would have been waiting for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night.

Negative Form

Bentuk negatif Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense adalah dengan menambahkan kata bantu NOT setelah auxilliary WOULD seperti terlihat pada formula berikut:

Subject + would + not + have + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. I thought I wouldn’t have been being at school for 7 hours yesterday.
2. I was completely sure that on August 17, I wouldn’t have been living in this house for 10 years yet.
3. I expected that I wouldn’t have been sleeping for 4 hours last night.
4. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he wouldn’t have been working for this company for fifty years.
5. She expected that she wouldn’t have been waiting for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night.

Note: Seperti dituliskan dalam kelima contoh di atas, would + not dapat dikontraksi menjadi “wouldn’t“.

Yes/No Questions

Yes/No Questions untuk Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense dibentuk dengan menempatkan (inversi) auxililiary WOULD di depan subject kalimat:

Would + subject + not + have + been + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier?

Contoh:

1. Would you have been being at school for 7 hours yesterday if your dad’s car hadn’t broken down on the way to the school?
2. Would you have been living in this house for 10 years on August 17 if the house rent had been raised by the landlord?.
3. If your neighbor hadn’t had a long big fight last night, would you have been sleeping for 4 hours last night?
4. If Mr. Dodi were still strong, would he have been working for this company for more than fifty years?
5. Did she expect that she would have been waiting for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night?

Source : http://swarabhaskara.com/tenses/past-future-perfect-continuous-tense/

Past Future Perfect Tense

Past Future Perfect Tense mengikuti pola berikut:

Subject + would + have + verb3 + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. Farmers in Jati Bali would have grown rice crops by the end of last month. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali akan telah bercocok tanam padi sebelum akhir bulan lalu).
2. Some students would have conducted research on vegetative plant propagations for one year when the semester started last month. (Beberapa siswa akan telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif selama 1 tahun ketika semester berikutnya dimulai bulan lalu).
3. Transpiration would have started to increase before we measured it at 9 a.m. yesterday. (Transpirasi akan telah mulai meningkat sebelum kita mengukurnya jam 9 pagi kemarin).

Penggunaan Past Future Perfect Tense

Past future perfect tense pada prinsipnya adalah pengungkapan kembali kejadian/aktivitas yang dinyatakan dengan future perfect tense, yang keterangan waktunya telah bergeser dari future time ke past time. Karena kedua tensis ini mirip, posting ini menggunakan konsep dan contoh-contoh kalimat pada future perfect tense. Perhatikan dan bandingkan perubahan predikat dan keterangan waktunya. Gunakan analogi pada past future tense jika masih bingung. Are you ready? Let’s get started.

Past Future Perfect Tense digunakan:

1. Untuk menyatakan kembali kejadian/aktivitas yang pernah diprediksi atau direncanakan akan sudah terjadi/sudah selesai dilakukan sebelum atau hingga batas waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Note: Pada umumnya, tensis ini diawali oleh clause yang mengandung makna prediksi, ekspektasi atau rencana. Verbs yang digunakan antara lain: think, hope, expect, plan, intend, assume, etc.

Contoh:

1. I predicted that by 3 p.m. yesterday, I would have finished reading this book. (Saya berharap bahwa sebelum jam 3 sore kemarin, saya akan sudah selesai membaca buku ini).
2. I thought Barcelona would have scored three goals when the first half was over. Because its opponent was tough, however, it didn’t score even a single goal. (Saya kira Barcelona akan telah cetak 3 goal ketika babak pertama berakhir. Namun karena lawannya tangguh, Barcelona bahkan tidak cetak goal sama sekali).
3. Because of the terrible traffic we knew that dad’s plane would have already arrived by the time we got to the airport yesterday.
4. My dad planned that he would have been home when my mom gave birth last month. He didn’t make it though because he had an immigration documentation problem.
5. I thought I would have already fallen asleep by the time Joni got home last night. I don’t know why I was still awake when he did.

Note: Jika pada future perfect tense, time clause dinyatakan dalam simple present tense, pada tensis ini dinyatakan dengan simple past tense. Misalnya: when the first half was over (pada contoh 2), by the time we got to the airport (pada contoh 3), etc.

2. Untuk menyatakan kembali kegiatan/aktivitas yang pernah diprediksi atau direncanakan akan sudah terjadi/sudah selesai dilakukan sebelum kejadian/aktivitas yang lain di masa lampau. Note: Dalam kategori ini, kedua aktivitas dilakukan oleh subject yang sama. Coba bandingkan dengan past perfect tense kategori kedua!

Contoh:

1. I assumed that John would have traveled around the world before he got married last year.
2. She thought that she would have read the entire book before she went to campus yesterday afternoon.
3. I predicted that I would already have had enough time to eat before I played badminton last night.
4. They thought he would have already bought a gift before he went to his girlfriend’s birthday party last night.
5. I once predicted that he would have had more than 50 wives before he died. I was wrong. He turned out to be a very loving husband long time before he died last week.

Note: already bisa ditempatkan setelah would atau setelah have.

3. Untuk menyatakan kembali bahwa kejadian/aktivitas akan terus terjadi/dilakukan sampai batas waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. I thought I would have been at school only for 6 hours yesterday. In fact, I had to wait for another hour because my dad’s car broke down on the way to the school.
2. I was completely sure that on August 17, I would have lived in this house for 10 years sharp.
3. I expected that I would have slept for 8 hours last night but I was awoken by my neighbor’s long big fight at 1 a.m. It was very loud and I couldn’t fall asleep till morning.
4. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he would have worked for this company for forty-five years.
5. She never expected that she would have waited for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night.

4. Untuk membuat main clause unreal conditionals tipe 2, yaitu jika faktanya dalam past future tense atau simple past tense.

Contoh:

1. If you had told me about the today’s exam, I would have studied hard last night. (Jika kamu kasi tahu saya bahwa akan ada ujian hari ini, saya akan telah belajar keras tadi malam).
2. If you had not passed the English I, you would not have been allowed to take the English II. (Jika kamu belum lulus bahasa Inggris I, kamu tidak akan diijinkan untuk mengambil matakulian bahasa Inggris II ini).
3. He wouldn’t have got an accident, if he had not driven fast. (Dia tidak akan telah mengalami kecelakaan, jika dia tidak ngebut).
4. If my parents hadn’t got divorced, I would’ve been much happier. (Jika orang tua saya tidak bercerai, saya akan jauh lebih bahagia).
5. If I hadn’t got a scholarship, I wouldn’t have been able to afford the school expenses. (Jika saya tidak dapat beasiswa, saya tidak akan mampu membayar biaya-biaya sekolah).

Negative Form

Bentuk negatif Past Future Perfect Tense mengikuti pola berikut:

Subject + would + not + have + verb3 + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. Because of its thickness, I knew that I would not have finished reading it by 3 p.m. yesterday.
2. I never thought that Barcelona wouldn’t have scored even a single goal when the first half was over.
3. We expected that dad’s plane wouldn’t have arrived yet by the time we got to the air port yesterday. But we were late because the traffic was so terrible.
4. Because of an immigration documentation problem, my dad knew that he wouldn’t have been home when my mom gave birth last month.
5. I hoped that when Joni arrived home last night, I would not have fallen asleep yet.
6. I assumed that John wouldn’t have traveled around the world before he got married last year.
7. She thought that she wouldn’t have read the entire book before she went to campus yesterday afternoon.
8. I predicted that I wouldn’t have had enough time to eat before I played badminton last night.
9. They thought he wouldn’t have bought a gift before he went to his girlfriend’s birthday party last night.
10. I once predicted that he wouldn’t have had more than 50 wives before he died.
11. I thought I wouldn’t have been at school for 7 hours yesterday.
12. I was completely sure that on August 17, I wouldn’t have lived in this house for 10 years yet.
13. I expected that I wouldn’t have slept for 4 hours last night.
14. It was predicted that when Mr. Dodi retired last month, he wouldn’t have worked for this company for fifty years.
15. She expected that she wouldn’t have waited for her boyfriend for 2 hours last night.

Yes/No Questions

Yes/No Questions untuk Past Future Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut:

Would + subject + have + verb3 + object + modifier?

Contoh:

1. If I had told you about the today’s exam, would you have studied hard last night? (Jika saya telah beri tahu kamu bahwa ada ujian hari ini, apakah kamu akan telah belajar keras tadi malam?)
2. Would you have been allowed to take the English II if you had not passed the English I?
3. Would he have got an accident if he had not driven fast?
4. If your parents hadn’t got divorced, would you have been much happier?
5. If you hadn’t got a scholarship, would you have been able to afford the school expenses?
6. Would you have finished reading this book by 3 p.m. yesterday if it were thinner?
7. Would Barcelona have scored three goals when the first half was over if its opponent had been Indonesian team?
8. If the traffic hadn’t been terrible, would dad’s plane have arrived after you got to the airport?
9. Would he have been home when your mom gave birth last month if he hadn’t had an immigration documentation problem?
10. Would you have fallen asleep by the time Joni got home last night if you had taken a sleeping pill? Dan seterusnya.

Note: Kalimat tanya dari tensis ini pada umumnya berupa conditional sentence seperti terlihat pada contoh-contoh di atas. Sekarang, coba bandingkan dengan cara berikut:

1. Did you assume that John would have traveled around the world before he got married last year?
2. Did you predict that she would have read the entire book before she went to campus yesterday afternoon?
3. Did I predict that I wouldn’t have had enough time to eat before I played badminton last night?
4. Did they think that he would have bought a gift before he went to his girlfriend’s birthday party last night?
5. Did you predict that he would have had more than 50 wives before he died?

Source : http://swarabhaskara.com/tenses/past-future-perfect-tense/

Past Future Continuous Tense

Pola untuk Past Future Continuous atau Past Future Progressive Tense adalah:

Subject + would + be +( verb1+ing) + object + modifier

Subject + [(was/were) going to] + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. Farmers in Jati Bali would be growing rice crops at 9 a.m. yesterday. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali akan sedang menanam padi jam 9 pagi kemarin).
2. Some students were going to be conducting research on vegetative plant propagations when I go to the agronomy laboratory last week. (Beberapa siswa akan sedang melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif ketika saya pergi ke lab. agronmy dua hari depan).
3. Transpiration would be starting to increase at 8 a.m. this morning. (Transpirasi  akan sedang mulai meningkat jam 8 pagi ini).

Penggunaan Past Future Continuous Tense

Penggunaan past future continuous tense pada prinsipnya sama dengan future continuous tense. Yang membedakan adalah jika future continuous tense menyatakan kejadian/aktivitas yang akan sedang berlangsung in the future, past future continuous tense menyatakan kejadian/aktivitas yang akan sedang berlangsung in the past. Dengan kata lain, past future continuous tense adalah mengungkapkan kembali prediksi atau rencana yang akan sedang terjadi/dilakukan, dan prediksi/rencana tersebut sekarang sudah bergeser dari future time ke past time.

Untuk lebih memahami perbedaan antara kedua tensis ini, silakan gunakan kembali analogi yang digunakan pada past future tense. Tulisan ini juga dibuat dengan menggunakan konsep dan contoh-contoh pada future continuous tense. Perhatikan dan bandingkan perbedaan waktunya.

Past Future Continuous Tense digunakan:

1. Untuk menyatakan kembali kejadian/aktivitas yang diprediksi/direncanakan akan sedang terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang spesifik di masa lampau. Note: Spesifikasi waktu biasanya dinyatakan dengan menyatakan jam (i.e. jam berapa kejadian/aktivitas itu diprediksi/direncanakan akan berlangsung/dilakukan) dan time clause.

Contoh:

1. My daughter would be watching TV at eight o’clock last night. (Putri saya akan sedang nonton TV jam 8 tadi malam).
2. She would be copying the materials at 10 o’clock this morning. (Dia akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini). Asumsi, sekarang sudah lewat jam 10 pagi.
3. I would be discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. last Friday. (Saya akan sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya jam 2 sore Jumat lalu).
4. I would be being busy at 8 o’clock yesterday morning. (Saya akan sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi kemarin).
5. They would be being very happy at 9 o’clock last Saturday night. (Mereka akan sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu lalu).
6. This time last year, she would be studying Economics at the University of Toronto. (Bulan ini tahun lalu, dia akan sedang belajar/kuliah Ekonomi di Universitas Toronto).
7. They would be taking an English exam at 10 a.m. yesterday. (Mereka akan sedang mengikuti ujian bahasa Inggris jam 10 pagi kemarin).
8. We would be watching a football game at 11 p.m. last night. (Kami akan sedang nonton pertandingan sepak bola jam 11 tadi malam).

2. Untuk menyatakan kejadian/aktivitas yang yang direncanakan akan sedang terjadi/berlangsung di masa lampau, yang terinterupsi oleh kejadian yang lain. Dalam hal ini, formulanya adalah sebagai berikut:

When + subject1 + simple past, subject2 + past future continuous

Subject1 + past future continuous + when + subject2 + simple past

Note: Kejadian/aktivitas yang menginterupsi dinyatakan dalam simple past tense dan berfungsi sebagai keterangan waktu; Sisipkan tanda koma, jika letaknya sebelum past future continuous. Namun, koma tidak diperlukan jika ditempatkan setelah past future continuous.

Contoh:

1. When I arrived home last night, my daughter would be watching TV. (Ketika saya tiba di rumah tadi malam, putri saya akan sedang nonton TV).
2. When I called him last night, he would be playing card with his friends. (Ketika saya telpon dia tadi malam, dia sedang main kartu dengan teman-temannya).
3. I would be waiting for you outside the class when you finished your exam. (Saya akan sedang menunggu di luar kelas ketika kamu selesai ujian).
4. He would still be studying at the library tonight, so he would not see his mother when she arrived home. (Dia akan masih sedang belajar di perpustakaan malam ini, jadi dia tidak akan melihat ibunya ketika ibunya tiba di rumah).
5. When I went to her house on last Saturday night, she would be being with her boyfriend. (Jika saya pergi ke rumahnya malam minggu lalu, dia akan sedang bersama dengan pacarnya).

3. Untuk menyatakan dua kejadian/aktivitas yang diprediksi atau direncanakan  akan sedang terjadi/dilakukan pada saat bersamaan di masa lampau. Dalam hal ini, gunakan formula berikut:

While + subject1 + past future continuous, subject2 + past future continuous

Subject1 + future continuous + while + subject2 + future continuous

Contoh:

1. While I would be typing another note last night, my family would be watching TV in the family room. (Sementara saya sedang mengetik catatan yang lain tadi malam, keluarga saya akan sedang nonton TV di ruang keluarga).
2. While the president would be giving his speech last Monday, the audience would be listening to him carefully. (Sementara presiden sedang berpidato Senin lalu, pemirsa/hadirin akan sedang mendengarkannya dengan seksama).
3. Male students would be playing around while the female ones would be chitchatting.
4. My roommate would be snoring loudly while I would be studying. (Teman sekamar saya sedang mendengkur keras sementara saya sedang belajar).
5. We would be smoking while others would be drinking. (Kami akan sedang merokok sementara yang lain akan sedang minum).
6. John would be washing dishes while Jane would be making dinner. (John akan sedang mencuci piring sedangkan Jane akan sedang masak untuk makan malam).
7. My dad would be having his colleagues over while my brother would be studying for his final exam last Sunday. Bapak saya akan sedang menjamu kolega-koleganya di rumah sementara kakak saya akan sedang belajar untuk ujian akhirnya.

4. Untuk menyatakan kembali suatu hal atau kejadian/aktivitas yang diyakini/benar-benar akan segera terjadi di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. I thought the sun would be shining soon. (Saya kira matahari akan segera sedang bersinar).
2. Because the clouds were very dark and thick yesterday, we believed it would be raining soon. (Karena awannya sangat gelap dan tebal, kita yakin huja akan segera turun).

Negative Form

Bentuk negatif dari kalimat dalam past future continuous tense dibuat dengan menambahkan ‘not’ setelah auxilliary would, atau setelah be was/were, seperti yang terlihat dalam pola berikut:

Subject + would + not + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier

Subject + [(was/were) + not + going to] + be +(verb1+ing) + object + modifier

Note: Would not dapat dikontraksi  menjadi wouldn’t.

Contoh:

1. My daughter would not be watching TV at eight o’clock last night. (Putri saya tidak akan sedang nonton TV jam 8 tadi malam).
2. She would not be copying the materials at 10 o’clock this morning. (Dia tidak akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini). Asumsi, sekarang sudah lewat jam 10 pagi.
3. I would not be discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. last Friday. (Saya tidak akan sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya jam 2 sore Jumat lalu).
4. I would not be being busy at 8 o’clock yesterday morning. (Saya tidak akan sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi kemarin).
5. They would not be being very happy at 9 o’clock last Saturday night. (Mereka tidak akan sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu lalu). Mereka baru saja bubaran sehari sebelumnya.
6. This time last year, she wouldn’t be studying Economics at the University of Toronto. (Bulan ini tahun lalu, dia tidak akan sedang belajar/kuliah Ekonomi di Universitas Toronto).
7. They wouldn’t be taking an English exam at 10 a.m. yesterday. (Mereka tidak akan sedang mengikuti ujian bahasa Inggris jam 10 pagi kemarin).
8. We wouldn’t be watching a football game at 11 p.m. last night (Kami tidak akan sedang nonton pertandingan sepak bola jam 11 tadi malam). Dan seterusnya.

Yes/No Questions

Yes/No Questions untuk Future Continuous Tense adalah sebagai berikut:

Would + subject + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier?

(Was/Were) + subject + [going to] + be + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier?

Contoh:

1. Would your daughter be watching TV at eight o’clock last night? (Apakah putri anda akan sedang nonton TV jam 8 tadi malam?).
2. Would she be copying the materials at 10 o’clock this morning? (Apakah dia akan sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 pagi ini?). Asumsi, sekarang sudah lewat jam 10 pagi.
3. Would you be discussing English with your classmates at 2 p.m. last Friday? (Apakah kamu akan sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelasmu jam 2 sore Jumat lalu?).
4. Would I be being busy at 8 o’clock yesterday morning? Yes, I would. (Apakah saya akan sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi kemarin?).
5. Would they be being very happy at 9 o’clock last Saturday night? (Apakah mereka akan sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu lalu?).
6. Would she be studying Economics at the University of Toronto this time last year? (Apakah dia akan sedang belajar/kuliah Ekonomi di Universitas Toronto pada bulan ini tahun depan?).
7. Would they be taking an English exam at 10 a.m. yesterday? (Apakah mereka akan sedang mengikuti ujian bahasa Inggris jam 10 pagi kemarin?).
8. Would we be watching a football game at 11 p.m. last night? (Apakah kami akan sedang nonton pertandingan sepak bola jam 11 tadi malam?). Dan seterusnya.

Note: Pola yang kedua dari future continuous tense hampir tidak diberikan contoh di sini. Silakan kamu latihan dengan mengganti semua would dengan (was/were) going to.

Contoh:

• My daughter would be watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.

Kalimat ini menjadi:

• My daughter was going to be watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.
• My daughter wasn’t going to be watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.
• Was my daughter going to be watching TV at 8 o’clock last night?

Source : http://swarabhaskara.com/tenses/past-future-continuous-tense/